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Directional versus bidirectional Most of the U.S. double tracks operate in bidirectional fashion and use crossovers along the corridor, while directional operation with intermediate sidings and stations is the common approach in Europe [4].
Burdett and Kozan [49] developed analytical techniques and models in 2006 to estimate the theoretical capacity of a corridor based on several criteria, such as mixed traffic, directional operation pattern, crossings and intermediate signals along the track, length of the trains, and dwell time of trains at sidings or stations.
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We show that this model can predict conditions for the bi-directional operation.
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The signalling and train control system was laid out for bi-directional operation according to European specifications.
So, once the CCVT transient at the secondary side is detected, the proposed method can be applied as a stand-alone protection scheme to avoid any nuisance directional relay operation.
Therefore, it would be necessary for the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to transform from the traditional "passive" uni-directional flow operation approach to novel "active" bi-directional flow operation approach [2].
Methods to collect and analyze concentration-depth profiles of dissolved methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) and their δ13C-values from directional drilling operations were evaluated.
These issues call for the need of a bi-directional relay operation and an operation strategy where adaptive protection and relay coordinations are applied in new distribution systems compatible with smart grid necessities.
Because of the high data dependency between ADL (adaptive directional lifting) operations, such as interpolation, directional prediction and update, the existing CUDA-specific (Compute Unified Device Architecture) implementation of traditional rectilinear lifting-based transform is difficult to be used for ADL-based transform.
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