By approximating the directional distributions of contact normal density, mean contact force and mean contact vector with polynomial expansions in unit direction vector n, the directional dependences were characterized by the coefficients of the polynomial functions, i.e., the direction tensors.
Consequently, maximum deviation is realized when the mean direction vector aligns with the vector directed along the -axis.
The analyzed algorithms are the attitude determination (the QUEST method), the computation of the Sun direction vector in inertial coordinates, the computation of the geomagnetic direction vector in North-East-Down local coordinates, and other auxiliary algorithms.
Joint statistics of the radius vector magnitude and the corresponding direction vector constitute the basis for the present approach.
In order to design a ULSA with the optimal number of PEs we then perform an accommodation of the index space to the projection direction vector.
The structural damage represented in the plant model is decomposed and is shown to reduce to a fault direction vector maintaining a fixed direction.
This measure is based on the analysis of the projection of Universum data onto the normal direction vector of the standard binary SVM hyperplane.
A ray file contains a sequence of ray entries of the form: x y z dx dy dz, where (x, y, z) is the origin of the ray, and (dx, dy, dz) is the direction vector of the ray.
The structural damage represented in the plant model is shown to decompose into a known fault direction vector maintaining a fixed direction, dependent on the damage location, and an arbitrary fault magnitude representing the extent of the damage.
In the calibration procedure, the sensor moves at an equal step along X, Y and Z axes respectively and then equation sets are established to calculate the unit direction vector of the line which the laser beam is on.
In the proposed framework, an ASC aids an I-AUV to determine its attitude by providing an inertial reference direction vector through acoustic modem communications, which is measured in body-fixed coordinates by an Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) device.
