It has to be taken into account that the likelihood of (1) finding statistical support of parallel evolution as well as of (2) parallel evolution itself to occur is dramatically reduced when the evolutionary transformations change more often in several aspects (direction, quality, quantity, proportion) in both lineages.
Our proposed method allows fluid diffusivities to be independently applied along each grid direction by forming directional quantities, which ensure the method is minimally dissipative.
Often planners and engineers are faced with various options and questions in storm drainage network design e.g. flow pattern, direction, runoff quantity and therefore size of drain, or scenario after a road, airfield or building has been constructed.
56 Our findings that adjustment for either the individual-level or area-level socioeconomic variable in our model had a similar effect in direction and quantity suggests that both were reasonable indicators of socioeconomic status in this large cohort.
The prominent place of the VS PE in neurobiological accounts of learning derives from the fact that it is a particular type of teaching signal, which indicates the need for a change in expectation, as well as the direction and quantity of change necessary to acquire habits [ 7– 9].
We then fit linear models to these gene expression data using the limma library of the R Bioconductor Package (Gentleman et al. 2005), which computes fold change, indicates the direction and quantity of the differential gene expression between the samples, and provides summary statistics, including T- and B-statistics and an adjusted P value that takes into account the false discovery rate.
