Sentence examples for direction of vigilance from inspiring English sources

Complementarity of species probably occurs due to species vertical stratification rather than differences in the direction of vigilance.

We found weak support for complementarity of the direction of vigilance between the two associating tamarin species.

The aim of the present study is to examine whether this division of roles is reflected also in the direction of vigilance.

Here, we examined how the direction of vigilance changes with different species group compositions and whether the division of labor between the two species can be confirmed.

There appear to be other mechanisms at work that define how direction of vigilance changes with group size and species composition.

When focusing on the direction of vigilance in mustached tamarins only, results from different studies are confusing already due to differences in how direction of vigilance was recorded: Peres (1993) reports more looks sideways or up than downwards, Kirchhof (2003) slightly more looks upwards than downwards, and Smith et al. (2004) more side-sweeps than look-ups.

The idea of the division of labor was further supported by the analysis of directions of vigilance within groups (Table  2).

In order to facilitate comparison between species and populations, future studies should differentiate between all three possible directions of vigilance and take into account that vigilance can have a social as well as an antipredator component that might show different patterns (Klose et al. 2009).

Chance (1967) suggested that variation in frequency and direction of social vigilance might put dominant individuals into the spatial center of the group, but to our knowledge this has never been measured or tested.

Continuous focal sampling (Martin and Bateson 1990) was used to record vigilance status (vigilant, not vigilant), the direction of scanning (up, down, horizontal), and individual activity.

And the level of vigilance varies wildly.