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The fibers around the weld line are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the specimen.
The long axis direction of the specimen was denoted 1, and the directions perpendicular to it were denoted 2 and 3.
In other words, small radius leads to high plastic deformation and bending direction of the specimen is in accordance with local deformation with small bending radius.
For the in-field step, laboratory TRM was applied by a DC field of 50 μT, and its direction was set to be orthogonal to the initial NRM direction of the specimen.
Meanwhile, as a reactive force, tensile stress occurred in the Cu substrate at the interface of Cu2O/Cu, which leads to the generation of vertical gradient stress (VGS) in the thickness direction of the specimen.
Note also the presence of small scattered islands of calcified deposits in the cross sections of all three mapped planes across the Z direction of the specimen.
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Figure 10 shows the variation of cutting force along the X direction on the specimen in the two models, respectively.
Under torsional loading, cracks initiated either perpendicular or parallel to the longitudinal direction of the specimens.
The results show that when the specimens were under compressive loads, the CTE along the loading direction of the specimens increased and that along the perpendicular direction decreased, with more changes in the former.
As Fig. 1 shows, three different specimen orientations were selected and labelled A, B and C. The corresponding crack plane orientation and crack propagation direction of the specimens with respect to the last deformation step can be derived from the chosen coordinate system (Fig. 1).
The merged-type fixing device was placed in the X-direction of the specimen.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com