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However, if protofilaments overlap with each other along the radial direction of the cell, the projected separation between protofilaments would be less than the 2D spatial resolution, preventing the resolution of single protofilaments.
A more pronounced intercalation is observed in the dorsal and dorso-lateral than ventral regions of the trunk (Fig. 6. compare E, F to G, I), possibly indicating a lateral to medial direction of the cell rearrangement.
However, our model is different in that we speculate that short FtsZ protofilaments inside the Z-ring are staggered with each other in space not only along the circumference of the cell, but also along the radial direction of the cell (Figure 8B).
After nocodazole treatment which acutely hyperactivates acto-myosin contractility, significant matrix displacements are observed more than 500 µm from the cell in the direction of the cell's long axis (Fig. 4B).
The direction of the cell elongation (Angle) is given by the angle formed by the primary axis and the X-axis of the image (Fig. 2).
We tracked individual cells by time-lapse microscopy to analyze both the direction of the cell movement and the distance run by cells.
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For DSGCs, the preferred direction of the cells and the strength of the directional tuning were calculated from responses to stimuli in each of 12 stimulus directions evenly spanning 360 degrees.
So, the polarization direction of the emitted random laser will gain along the rubbing direction of the cells due to the polarization-dependent optical gain effect.
The velocity and direction of the cells' motion can be controlled and tuned by modifying the field strength, frequency or direction of the rotating magnetic field.
In addition, it was demonstrated by microscopy that moving the position of an applied external magnet results in a fast change in the direction of the cells containing magnetic nanoparticles (a so-called "magnetic motor effect").
The evidence that the nuclear localization and activity of YAP1 are inversely correlated with cell density pointed in the direction of the cell-cell junctions as potential upstream regulators of the Hippo signaling pathway.
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