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The proposed loss function thus aims to incorporate both magnitude and direction of image vectors during feature learning.
Following our flowchart shown in Figure 7, the direction of image texture should be considered after the previous steps.
The direction of image motion is coded by direction-selective (DS) ganglion cells in the retina.
Our findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms of OKR, how information about the direction of image motion is deciphered by the AOS.
Two types of RGCs are known to code the direction of image motion: the ON-OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) and the ON DSGCs [20], [21].
Our characterization of ON DS cells may provide insights into how information about the direction of image motion is extracted in the retina, conveyed to the brain, and utilized for the production of the OKR in vertebrates.
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However, classical Gaussian filtering technique is the uniform smoothing in all direction of images and fine details are easily destroyed with these filters.
Note how the method correctly determines the SWT direction of images (a) and (b) even when both dark text on light background and light text on dark background appear simultaneously.
In conclusion, MRI-guided HIFU may represent the future direction of image-guided, minimally invasive therapy.
The proposed IOLOSV method can also be made to fit into the TV-Hilbert space decomposition framework, with the operator K spatially varying and equal to (K = -Delta _{zeta zeta }^{-1}), the negative of the spatially varying second-order directional derivative (in the direction of the image isophote).
In addition to painted contours, a linear design is composed of all of the edges of tone and colour masses, of the axial directions of images, and of the lines that are implied by alignments of shapes across the picture.
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