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Unfortunately, from the B&B data we cannot tell the direction of cause and effect, that is, whether taking humanities courses produced a less materialistic outlook in students or whether less materialistic students are drawn to humanities study.
Depression is also associated with lower capacity to delay gratification, though the direction of cause and effect is not clear.
"One way to determine the direction of cause and effect for these things is to look at the genetics," he says, "because you know the genetics can't be an effect of something else.
Therefore, prospective research is required to clarify the direction of cause and effect [ 40].
Further, prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the associated factors and to clarify the direction of cause and effect.
If an infection was known already by the participant, direction of cause and effect could be both ways.
Similar(48)
Secondly, there is the problem of causality regarding neighbourhood social capital, general social trust and ill health, as the cross-sectional design of the study involved no possibility to distinguish the directions of cause and effect.
The law of cause-and-effect.
There is no proof of cause-and-effect.
And hard proof of cause-and-effect may remain elusive.
It's an issue of cause and effect.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com