But the direction of causation is unclear.
Mr Kling appears to have gotten both the diagnosis and the direction of causation wrong.
What is more, the direction of causation is not always clear.
History actually suggests that the "tackle housing first" crowd may have the direction of causation backwards.
Even if this is not actual the direction of causation, if you sort out the dysfunctions, the most damaging false beliefs will tend to correct themselves.
This means that even if an association between the two is seen, as it was here, there is no way of knowing the direction of causation.
The monetarists believe that the direction of causation is from left to right in the equation; that is, as the money supply increases with a constant and predictable V, one can expect an increase in either P or Q.
An interesting further pattern is that the poorer the country, the more strongly its chances of internal conflict seem to be tied to El Niño.The correlations seem robust, as does the direction of causation.
For once, the direction of causation seems clear-cut: temperature might conceivably lead to a civil war, but a civil war is unlikely to affect temperature (other than metaphorically).Precisely how the chain of causation works remains unclear for now.
The direction of transfer sets the direction of causation.
The strategy of incorporation in some sense confuses the direction of causation.
