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Expression time-course experiments have also raised the prospect of inferring not only the existence of causal relationships between genes, but also the direction of causality from regulating genes to regulated genes, without requiring the manipulation of genes one by one.
However, we cannot determine direction of causality from current evidence i.e. whether fatigue causes mood disorders or whether mood disorders cause fatigue.
A three-way repeated-measure MANOVA was performed to compare causality values among time durations, and frequency bands with factors: Modulation (Top-down: direction of causality from IC-F to IC-RS; Bottom-up: IC-RS to IC-F), Duration, and Frequency Band.
We are still not able to infer the direction of causality from our analysis.
Although we cannot determine the direction of causality from our study, we expect that the expression of the five genes can be used to predict the behavioral display.
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Correlation between resistance levels and severity of infection does not imply that the direction of causality runs from resistance to poor outcomes.
However, in considering the acute event, it seems more likely that the direction of causality is from malnutrition to the acutely acquired infection precipitating hospital admission, irrespective of the original causality of the child's malnutrition.
Although we cannot infer that the direction of causality flows from domestic violence to contraceptive behavior due to the cross-sectional design of this study, contraceptive use has been reported in a study in Uganda to lead to abuse [ 47], due to the belief that women's discrete use of contraceptives was an indication of sexual promiscuity, and a justifiable reason for abuse.
The results clearly showed that the direction of causality was only from both MOB and INT toward FI, but not vice-versa, indicating that an increase in mobile and Internet users extends financial inclusion in the SAARC countries.
The direction of causality would run from bone health (osteoporosis) to falling and fractures, which would also impact future mobility, even so outgoing mobility would be a criterion required to be controlled for.
Here, by assessing evolutionary selective advantage from longitudinal data, which we demonstrated was independent of viral load, rather than cross-sectional mutation frequency we were able to ascertain the direction of causality: viral escape from CTL appears to contribute to clinical decline.
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