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(E and F ) Neuron-by-neuron analysis for the start of an off-direction instruction (E ) and the end of an on-direction instruction (F ).
We ran the model for 800 trials, each of which delivered a randomly selected on-direction or off-direction instruction.
If the second trial of a pair delivers an off-direction instruction, then the probability of a CS on that trial should be reduced.
After some number of trials that deliver an off-direction instruction, both eye movements and simple-spike firing rate would learn.
Figure 3C,D show that the simple-spike firing rate of a Purkinje cell before an instruction is related to whether or not an off-direction instruction evokes a CS on that learning trial.
The responses of model inferior olive neurons were synchronized enough so that the trial-by-trial correlation in the occurrence of a CS between model Purkinje cells was ∼0.25 on trials that delivered an off-direction instruction.
We demonstrated trial-over-trial depression there (and here) by dividing the stream of learning trials into pairs where the first trial of the pair delivered an off-direction instruction.
For a random-order learning block, a CS in response to an off-direction instruction on one trial will cause trial-over-trial depression of simple-spike firing rate on the next trial.
The model also reproduced our finding that each spike/s of simple-spike firing rate is associated with an increase of ∼0.005 in the probability of a CS response to an off-direction instruction (data not shown).
Simple-spike firing rate at the time of an instruction was ∼5 spike/s higher on average depending on whether or not a CS occurred later in the trial in response to an off-direction instruction.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com