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These two formulae are more useful/practical in the estimation of engineered wood composites like LVL according to grain direction deviation between veneers in the lay-up process.
With the left-sided point and right-sided point of the predicted contour point, the line formed by and points is perpendicular to the line between and, where indicates the direction deviation, as revealed in Figure 7(b) under and.
Given the distance of guide rail moving l and the actually moving distance of the calibration point in the laser plane l', the error Δl is obtained by Δl = l − l = l 1 1 − 1 cos Δβ = l Δ β 2 2 (10) Figure 6 Analysis of guide rail moving direction deviation.
It represents the amount of direction deviation in degrees that allows the subject to discriminate between the target direction relative to his/her internal zero degrees upward reference in 84% of the trials (for an example, see Fig. 4a, b).
Since our experimental design allowed a finer sampling of the surround motion directions than Kim and Wilson's, the effects that we observed in our data at direction deviation between center and surround of ±10 and ±20° cannot be seen in their data.
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Depending on the direction, deviations can either represent an increase in introgression rates (likely affecting loci that are advantageous to the population) or a decrease in introgression rates (likely affecting loci that are ecologically disadvantageous or that act epistatically).
Tripathy and Barrett [6], [7] have used a similar paradigm, but with emphasis upon the tracking of multiple dots, where observers were required to identify the direction of deviation of a single target dot among several non-deviating distracters.
If the node is moving in a wrong direction, the deviation increases and threshold value is crossed.
Thus, a ray intersecting the center of the lens at the optical axis will continue in the same direction without deviation.
The results from DGPS with Kinematical Positioning (KINPOS) software shown that the averages of the north, east, and down direction standard deviation (short for "std") are 0.014, 0.010, and 0.018 m, respectively.
After each trial, observers responded as to whether they thought the direction of deviation was upwards or downwards.
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