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Twelve participants performed cursor positioning movements with systematic variations in cursor shape affecting preparation (neutral, pre-cuing target direction), cursor flight (arrowhead, comet) and terminal guidance (big, small target).
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The decoupling was achieved by either changing the plane on which the finger moved (vertical V, or horizontal H), changing the direction of cursor visual feedback (veridical or 180° rotated R, i.e. to move cursor right, slide finger left)., or inserting a memory delay (M) between target presentation and go signal (cf. Fig. 1a).
For example, to move in a direction, the cursor changes to point in the intended direction.
Visual feedback of direction of cursor motion was rotated 75° relative to the direction of hand motion.
In the case of the visuo-motor rotation the output is the direction of cursor motion, which is consciously monitored by participants.
Directional error was defined as the difference between cursor direction and target direction (β – α in Fig. 2C).
Rotation learning required comparison of cursor direction to target direction, followed by an adjustment to the sensorimotor map.
We also considered a measure of directional error based on cursor direction at peak velocity, rather than at movement endpoint.
These are deviations of the cursor direction on the monitor from the visual target direction at a movement duration of 200 ms. On the first day, they were −12.2° and −15.2° in the first and last block of practice for young participants and −43.5° and −20.3° for old participants, respectively.
To re-size the picture along the diagonal direction, move the cursor to any of the four little squares at the four corners of the picture and the cursor will transform into a double-sided arrow.
There is a slight delay on the order a several milliseconds when clicking and changing cursor direction.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com