This approach is based on measurements of acoustic nonreciprocity, which is defined as differences between travel times or other acoustic quantities corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between two points.
Reciprocal transmissions of acoustic signals, i.e., sound propagation in opposite directions between two points, provide a way to measure path-averaged current velocity in the ocean with high temporal resolution, on a large scale, and over extended periods of time [1]-[10].
The direction moved between two points (see Figure 1 x-axis for time interval between points for each individual per hunt) was determined by using the straight line between the first point and the hunt site as a reference line (i.e. 0° line on the protractor) and determining the angle between the reference line and the straight line drawn between the first and second points.
In order to compute the distance between two pairs of GPS coordinates we use the well known Haversine formula [13], which gives the shortest distance in kilometers between two locations along the surface of the Earth in a suitable metric.1 We measure the direction of travel between two points as the initial bearing.
Using multi-directional variogram statistics to track the spatial persistence of elevation values across a landscape, we calculate anisotropy as a multiscale, direction-sensitive variance in elevation between two points on a surface.
Under certain circumstances of topography and wind direction, a body of water may separate, leaving an area of exposed seabed between two points of land.
By changing the distance and direction between two focal points, it should be possible to find the diffusion tensor in anisotropic media, since there is a spatial and temporal component in the analyzed cross-correlation.
Differential miRNA expression was analysed using GeneSpring GX 11.0 (Agilent Technologies) and was assessed as having a minimum 2-fold difference in either direction between two time-points.
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