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Voluntary TO implies the endogenous directing of attention induced by symbolic cues.
According to the second hypothesis, such conflict is not conspicuous, and top-down directing of attention is needed in order to find the target during search.
One possible functional explanation for this deflection provided by Eimer and Holmes [ 49] is that the fronto-central positivity is associated with early directing of attention towards emotionally significant events.
Further research is needed to find out if the anterior positive difference ERPs are related to automatic directing of attention towards emotional faces or towards (infrequent) changes in visual stimuli in general (observed as a frontal positivity concurrently with the vMMN).
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However, it is yet possible that the PFC may show selectivity when appraisal of emotional stimulus is driven by actively directing focus of attention through task demands.
Orienting refers to the overt or covert directing of spatial attention to unattended stimuli.
111, 112 In these investigations, the top-down influence of parietal sites over visual cortex was shown, in which TMS applied during the directing of covert attention toward one hemifield increased BOLD signal in early visual areas.
Hence, if we were to find that PTs are affected by spatial attention, this would imply a direct effect of attention on visual-cortex excitability as well as the corresponding awareness.
Interestingly, in more recent years further single-unit studies have also indicated direct influences of attention on the processing of visual inputs already beginning at the primary visual cortex (V1), if not the lowest neuroanatomical levels of the visual system.
The findings from this pilot study suggest that the observed beneficial impact of moderate caffeine intake by habitual coffee consumption on cognitive performance is principally due to direct enhancement of attention, concentration, and vigilance.
Furthermore, its widespread use as the single benchmark indicator for antenatal care has the very unwelcome effect of directing the attention of clinicians and program managers toward optimizing the number of antenatal visits rather than ensuring delivery of the important substance of that care.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com