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An important component of directing initiation events to the 5' end of genes is regulating chromatin in such a way that a more open configuration is situated at the 5' end, while DNA downstream of the promoter is less accessible to transcription factors [4], [5], [6].
Two or more different σ factors often control the expression of a given gene by directing initiation from distinct upstream promoters (Wade et al., 2006; Gama-Castro et al., 2008; Cho et al., 2014).
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Einhorn had previously directed "Initiation", as well as the summer spin-off webisodes "The Accountants".
Considering the high translation fidelity from such short 5'UTRs, it remains to be seen whether or not this element directs initiation through the ribosome scanning mechanism.
Remarkably, the CrPV IRES can direct initiation in the A site of the ribosome because toeprints were observed with GCU, a non-AUG codon encoding alanine, positioned in the A site, not the P site [15].
Specifically, we show that distinct σ factors can direct initiation and modulate elongation on the same transcription unit.
This process minimally involves exchange of the CBC for eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E, the predominantly cytoplasmic cap-binding protein responsible for directing the initiation phase of translation [8], [9].
TFIIIC that is oriented toward the start site, promotes TFIIIB binding and assists in directing accurate initiation by RNAP III [ 12, 13].
Importantly, the model illustrates phosphorylation reactions and feedback loops that are crucial for directing the initiation of meiosis, based on the current knowledge available in the literature.
In this study, the dynamic detonation parameters, namely, the critical tube diameter and critical energy for direct initiation, of C2H2/N2O/Ar mixtures were measured at various initial conditions.
Precise maps of RNA polymerase reveal howpromoters direct initiation and pausing.
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