The number of such directed expenditures, known as earmarks for their obvious links to the members promoting them, far exceeds the items in previous years.
This growing popularity of R&D tax incentives as a policy instrument is due to a variety of reasons including being exempt from EU and WTO "state aid" rules, and the fact that tax expenditures tend to be "off budget, " meaning they escape the scrutiny that applies to direct expenditures.
The private insurance industry seeks to increase the proportion of its revenue reserved for profits by spending as little as possible on health care, instead directing its expenditures to marketing, underwriting, "product development" and executive compensation.
The bill includes $2,519,425,000 for direct expenditures and $660,000 in loans.
In addition to direct expenditures, attention has been drawn to "tax expenditures".
And the budget does not account for donors' direct expenditures, including, crucially, the billions of dollars spent by the U.S. on Afghan national-security forces.
The studies count not just the direct expenditures for boat tickets, but also the spending on lodging, food and the like where trips are offered.
Mr. Espada said that a young campaign staff member had mistakenly registered his campaign as a political action committee — PACs are not allowed to make direct expenditures toward the election or defeat of a candidate.
In New York City, commercial production on location that received from permits from the city accounted for more than $227 million in direct expenditures in 2001, the latest year for which figures were available.
In addition, universities/PRIs could have direct impact on the economy through their direct expenditures and employment.
