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And then interviewing Chloé Zhao, who directed Songs My Brothers Taught Me, a film that touched me so deeply, things could have easily stopped there for me.
Such differences are important to a singer's critical audience, female zebra finches, who prefer to approach directed songs [14].
As a previous study showed that females prefer to approach directed songs rather than undirected ones [14], their motivation may increase further as males' songs become more directed-like.
These song types can be distinguished by subtle differences – the tempo of a male's directed songs is typically slightly faster than that of his undirected songs, and details of fine acoustic structure are more variable from song to song during undirected singing [11] [13].
To standardise the context and communication distance, all males were presented with a female, which they readily courted by producing so-called directed songs (Sossinka and Böhner 1980).
Inactivation [13] or lesions [18] of LMAN immediately reduce the variability of song output, causing all songs to become more similar to "directed" songs.
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For the experiment shown in panel A, while the duration of song motifs directed to females in the first 5 minutes was not significantly different from previous undirected singing, directed song motifs 40 minutes later were significantly shorter (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test, n = 9 motifs 0 5 minutes, n = 10 motifs 40 45 minutes).
All males sang directed song and engaged in courtship displays in the presence of a female.
In each trial we measured the total duration (in seconds) of male song directed towards the female and labelled this the directed song rate of an individual.
To measure directed song rate, we performed 5-minute male-female encounters involving socially unpaired males and females.
Hessler & Doupe (1999) performed the control experiment of using a male to elicit directed singing and found that neural activity recorded during directed song in the presence of a male companion was not different from directed singing produced as part of the courtship display (both conditions resulted in a decrease in neural activity in the song circuit).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com