In all cases, we considered rearrangements in unichromosomal genomes consisting of directed markers and limited the evolutionary process to inversions.
Recently, we reported methods for efficient DNA transformation of C. bescii and C. hydrothermalis, including transformation of a shuttle vector [ 13] and the ability to direct marker replacement between non-replicating plasmids and chromosomal genes [ 14].
Genes including a direct marker or genes within one Mb in either direction of a marker (to minimize the possibility of recombination between marker and causal mutation) were regarded as adaptive variation whereas all other markers were regarded as neutral variation.
Detection of B19 virus DNA in serum is the best direct marker of active infection.
Whereas Mx transcript is a direct marker of type I interferon (IFNα and IFNβ) activation, IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine, and SAA is acute phase protein primary synthesized in liver4,5.
By combining the cell cycle length predicted by the model with measurements of total cell population and mitotic rate, this approach facilitates the quantification of exit from this compartment without the need for a direct marker of that event.
Our results support the potential of white blood cells as a proxy tissue for studying insulin signaling and may lead to development of a minimally invasive and direct marker of insulin resistance.
In this paper, we present (i) a new method for the real-time reconstruction of human motion trajectories using direct marker tracking, (ii) a task-driven muscular effort minimization criterion and (iii) new human performance metrics for dynamic characterization of athletic skills.
Native T1 mapping shows elevated T1 values, which is an early indicator and direct marker of cardiac amyloid [40].
The change from A-lines to B-lines, which defines septic shock in the FALLS-protocol, can be considered as a direct marker of clinical volemia.
Although 必 bì seems to be the only direct marker of strict deontic modality in LAC and Han Chinese, the function as an epistemic modal adverb expressing (mostly) future certainty is evidently its predominant function from the earliest instances on.
