Sentence examples for directed feeling from inspiring English sources

The transitive EPs, such as 欣賞 xingshang "admire," normally denote a directed feeling that require the presence of a direct object, typically taking up the postverbal position.

When this happens, the transitive vs. intransitive distinction may be blurred, since intransitive EPs denoting a directed feeling (such as 生氣 shengqi "angry") may also take an indirect goal: (18) Indirect goal with transitive and intransitive EPs 我對他很生氣intr/欣賞tr wo__dui__ ta__hen__shengqi/xingshang 1p.sg__to__3p.sg__DEG__angry/admire I am angry at/admire him.  .

The cup filled itself with my bilious, sibling- directed feelings.

Inherent vs. directed feelings: a. Inherent: I'm not bored with anything in particular, I'm just (plain) bored.

The proposed analysis also goes nicely with the distinction of inherent vs. directed feelings (bored vs. interested), proposed in Jackendoff (2007) and illustrated in 11 above.

More importantly, the transitive vs. intransitive contrast can also be blurred with a small group of Experiencer-subject EPs that may denote inherent or directed feelings.

The contrast is illustrated below (ibid.: 224): (11) Inherent vs. directed feelings: a. Inherent: I'm not bored with anything in particular, I'm just (plain) bored.

An important causal distinction can be found in Experiencer-subject EPs, wherein an emotion may be internally or externally caused as proposed in Liu (2002), or termed "inherent vs. directed feelings" in Jackendoff (2007).

Based on findings on cultural universals (Ekman and Davidson 1994), Jackendoff further states that the difference between inherent vs. directed feelings is psychologically founded and "does not appear to have anything to do with language" (Jackendoff 2007 225).

As Jackendoff asserts, inherent feelings are "pure emotions" that are independent of the external surroundings and thus may not require an external cause (i.e., internally caused in Liu (2002)'s terms), while directed feelings require the mention of an external stimulus (i.e., externally caused).

It will be shown in subsequent discussions that the distinction between Experiencer-subject EPs (inherent vs. directed feelings as in 11) can be further elaborated with studies on Mandarin near-synonym sets of Experiencer-subject EPs since they are abundant and semantically fine-grained in Mandarin.