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Predators can thus affect prey populations both by direct consumption (consumptive effects, 'CE') and by inducing costly defensive changes in prey traits [nonconsumptive effects, 'NCE', also called 'trait-mediated effects' by some researchers; 11].
Begin subsidies to those who produce and sell actual food for direct consumption.
Some banana varieties are grown in smaller numbers for cooking or direct consumption.
Some favour the direct consumption tax and the flat tax because they are based on cash flows, which means that these taxes eliminate the need to adjust for inflation.
Direct consumption coefficient matrix A is the 30-order matrix comprised of various departments' direct consumption coefficients.
Commonly, standards apply to potable water due to direct consumption by people.
Some GM maize varieties can be used for direct consumption as, for example, in South Africa.
The water which is not suitable for direct consumption requires treatment before its utilization.
Occupational exposure and direct consumption of these vegetables may cause pesticide poisoning (Farina et al. 2016).
The okra tested was not safe for human use, especially for direct consumption by human beings.
In this way, predation imposes a cost to animals, not only through direct consumption, but also as an energetic cost.
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