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This knowledge base gives rise to the programs involving, for example, directed breeding, metabolic engineering and enhanced quality assessment, storage, and distribution systems, which will result in higher flavor quality produce becoming available to the consumer.
On the other hand, desirable traits in many important annual crops, such as rice, soybean, maize and wheat, have been introduced through classical genetic manipulations using directed breeding strategies.
This will lead to deeper understanding of breeding germplasm, as well as more efficient QTL mapping, association mapping and marker-assisted selection, collectively resulting in more predictable and directed breeding.
QTL hotspots serve as useful targets for directed breeding for improved biomass productivity that may also be relevant across additional poplar hybrids.
In the future, DArT markers will provide new opportunities for directed breeding of superior oat cultivars, and guidance in the maintenance of genetic diversity.
They will also provide new opportunities for directed breeding of superior oat varieties, and guidance in the maintenance of oat genetic diversity.
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In Step 3, the performance of each performance-tested animal y i = h i + u i + m k + e i was simulated using the herd effect h i, its generated direct breeding value u i, the maternal breeding value of its dam m k and a residual e i drawn from.
The pseudo-record for survival time of animal i was [ 33]: (1) where δ i is the censoring code of individual i (δ i= 1 if animal i is uncensored; δ i = 0 if animal i is censored); a i is the estimated direct breeding value of individual i; and ω i is the associated weight of individual i.
Since the 1970s, directed selective breeding programmes towards domestication have been undertaken in several salmonid species, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Gjedrem 2000).
Accordingly, in a field-based experiment, we tested the influence of phenotypic similarity on aggression, as directed by breeding territory holders towards heterospecific 'intruders' in cichlids living in Nicaraguan Crater Lake Xiloá.
As an alternative to traditional breeding schemes solely focusing on the direct breeding value affecting the phenotype of the individual itself, selection may be focused on total breeding values, including both direct and social effects.
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