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Unfortunately, it was not possible to investigate the effect of different types of direct victimization, like community and domestic violence.
Similar results were obtained when adolescents responded to a hypothetical conflict involving direct victimization in school (Yeager et al., 2011, Study 2).
As in the other CREV modules, frequency of exposure to world violence is through four modes (i.e., media, hearsay, direct witness, direct victimization).
In the first three cases, the nature of the exposure is characterized by the proximity to violence, which ranged from direct victimization (through either the threat of physical assault or actual assault) to learning of the death of a peer.
We were unable to examine direct victimization because very little was reported, owing either to low prevalence or underreporting, and thus we likely have some misclassification of true ETV.
Similar(54)
Both studies resulted in typologies that focus on whether the motivation is to enable fantasy or direct contact victimization.
The latter, in the words of Fattah ([ 60]:412) refers to: "victimization directed at, or affecting, not only individuals but also whole groups.
Widom et al. (2006) found a direct path from childhood victimization to sexual violence in a sample of men whose cases were drawn from criminal court records.
The direct effect between verbal victimization and high-risk sexual behavior was not significant prior to controlling for the syndemic condition (B = .014, p = .268).268
The items concerning aggression toward others included different aspect of victimization, both direct and nondirect, verbal and nonverbal and might tap a broader range of behavior than bullying traditionally does.
More often, however, the acts of victimization are directed against a special population".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com