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To assume that fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are direct substitutes is misguided.
KKR's New York offices and Irwin Jacobs's Minneapolis base are direct substitutes for corporate headquarters in Akron or Peoria.
Healthcare assistants (HCA), or unregistered nurses, are obviously not direct substitutes for nurses, but can have an important role to play.
And they want to hear about direct substitutes like rail, culture-changing concepts like slow and local travel, and disruptive technologies like ubiquitous video-conferencing.
The Royal College of GPs (RCGP) said the NHS should not to use other staff as "direct substitutes" for trained family doctors.
She said the radio industry has the time to work out a survival strategy, that the new "big beasts" of the digital era are not "direct substitutes" to kill-off radio but "they do offer potentially attractive alternatives".
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"It is going to be difficult to argue that Atlantic City is a direct substitute".
Thanks to its peg, the Hong Kong dollar is a direct substitute for the American one.
No one is saying they are a direct substitute for Word or Excel, but they do have a distinct advantage.
Overall, what he likes about the restaurant business is that there is no direct substitute for dining out.
In this case, helium – used as a direct substitute to hydrogen – will over predict concentrations we would get with hydrogen.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com