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Organisms most often reach the meninges via the blood, but direct spread may occur with skull fractures, middle-ear or nasal-sinus infections, or congenital defects of the meninges.
Direct spread of an infection to the temporal lobe might also occur from bilateral otomastoiditis.
These pathologies can extend to the PPF either by direct spread or via the neurovascular communications.
Metastatic disease from bronchogenic carcinoma to the heart may be via direct spread, lymphatic or haematogenous spread.
Pathology associated with these sesamoids is very rare, although infection from direct spread from adjacent soft tissue is possible.
Direct spread from contagious sites can also occur in cases of central nervous system infection via the optic nerve [41].
Typically, these diseases are the result of haematogenous, lymphatic, or direct spread of infectious organisms into the peritoneum.
Secondary spread by contiguity and direct spread of infection, for example due to direct penetration e.g. in cases of comminuted fractures, are seen less often [2, 3].
Due to the direct spread, brain disease is usually the diffuse cerebral parenchymal type, with brain oedema, haemorrhages and irregular enhancement (Fig. 5) [8].
Intracranial infection may result from direct spread from sinusitis or from haematogenous spread, especially in the form of septic emboli complicating endocarditis.
A similar work directed toward achieving joint scale-lag (delay) diversity in wideband mobile direct spread spectrum systems was presented by Margetts et al. [9].
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