The apparent exception was the Paris bombings of 1995, a direct spillover from Algeria's civil war and France's role in it.
If confirmed, they would represent some of the worst direct spillover fighting in Lebanon since Syria's uprising began more than two years ago.
The direct spillover of depreciation was negative, while the spillover of increased money and credit was positive, as capital outflows "helped to relax conditions in money and credit markets and moderate expected deflation in other countries".
If national governments or NGOs disable markets, the economic consequences can be dire, with direct spillover into political and social consequences.
Furthermore, it is believed that the direct migration of the nascent hydrogen atom from the catalyst site to the membrane surface via direct spillover or via surface diffusion brings about a stronger positive contribution to the steam reforming reaction than does the vapor phase diffusion of the molecular hydrogen on the reaction.
So far, direct spillover from the conflicts in Syria and Iraq has for the most part been swiftly repelled by the Jordanian Armed Forces.
The transmission and spread of PPRV appears to be considerable; high seroprevalence is observed at individual and herd levels, without all animals being infected, suggesting lower infective loads in the wildlife and a possibility that most infections could result from direct spillover of virus from infected livestock.
Each case-patient had a strong epidemiologic connection to similarly affected horses through exposure to equine secretions late in the incubation period, during terminal illness, or at the time of postmortem examination of infected animals (2 ): no human case of HeV infection has been attributable to direct spillover from bats (3 ).
Future research is needed to understand what factors or service characteristics seem to maximize spillover impacts, which is relevant for designing more cost-effective incentive schemes that fully take into account both direct and spillover impacts of those schemes.
It said: : "In China, exposures to real estate (excluding mortgages) are almost 20% of GDP, and financial stress among real estate firms could lead to direct cross-border spillovers".
Third, there are the direct and indirect spillovers through financial channels.
