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The logger has a spherical (270°) sensor, then the recorded PAR data were the sum of the direct, reflex, and scattering radiations on snow surface where the snow algae bloomed.
Assessment of the skin twitch in response to nociceptive stimulation at the withers involves direct reflex pathways (cutaneous trunci reflex).
In this way propolis chemical composition is a direct reflex of the vegetable flora and bee species [ 5, 6].
The ICER of Strategy 8 versus Strategy 7 was £82,962/QALY, substantially greater than the UK cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY, suggesting that direct reflex mutation testing is not cost-effective in early-onset CRC patients.
The three analyzed airway reflexes very strongly activate the brainstem CPG of breathing, effectively modifying the "central mechanisms" of various vital functions by direct reflex action [ 31], or mediated by dense synaptic connections and various mediators [ 14].
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Pantin himself acknowledged the presence of direct reflexes to specific stimuli, but thought of these as secondary developments that could only evolve and exist in the context of a whole acting organism, a position that is followed by the SBT.
Possible mechanisms for these associations include effects on the autonomic nervous system through direct reflexes from airways or through inflammatory response, chemical effects on ion channel function in myocardial cells, ischemic response in the myocardium, and inflammatory responses that trigger endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis (Utell et al. 2002).
Mechanisms under discussion (Brook et al. 2004; Schulz et al., in press) include a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in response to direct reflexes from receptors in the lung, a cardiac malfunction due to ischemic responses in the myocardium, and/or altered ion channel functions in the myocardial cells.
The crural contraction on straining could be a direct or reflex action; it seems to be reflex in nature as became evident from its absence when the CD, a suggested arm of the reflex arc was anesthetized.
Direct light reflex of the right pupil was weak.
To define whether the effect of coughing or straining on the crural diaphragm was direct or reflex action, the following lest was done.
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