Sentence examples for direct proxies for from inspiring English sources

Systematic counts along transects of the resting platforms, or 'nests', that orangutans build have therefore been used as predictors, or as direct proxies, for population density.

Following a methodology developed elsewhere (Boyce et al., 2010), three income/wealth rank variables were created for each individual to represent the rank of their income/wealth within three different comparison groups, as more direct proxies for their social rank.

First, it employs a more direct proxy for utility.

Lacking any direct proxy for workers' effort and paid-for training in our panel dataset, our indirect strategy is to embed these variables into firms' TFP, which can then be estimated from the available data on their output and inputs.

Nevertheless, it should be noted that fibroblast period measures are not a direct proxy for measures of physiological period: for some subjects, considerable differences between the two were observed, and physiological period differences between sighted and blind subjects were absent entirely in fibroblasts.

However, we caution that attendance is not a direct proxy for the effects of instruction.

Leaf rank is unlikely to be used extensively as a direct proxy for better-defined measurements like areole area.

This can be attributed to the general consensus that income is a direct proxy for affordability of foods (Turrell et al., 2003; Kant & Graubard, 2007).

These studies use temporal variability as a direct proxy for population vulnerability, where population variability measures are calculated from time series data (std logN, CV).

Even though Z-scores are not typically used in the presentation of qPCR data, they should be interpreted as a direct proxy for the mRNA levels measured in the sample.

32 As economic difficulties cannot be conceptualised as a direct proxy for income and the effects of income have previously been shown to attenuate after considering further key socioeconomic circumstances, 6 one might have assumed that for example housing tenure as a more stable indicator of wealth would contribute to the associations.