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Traditionally, technological advancement on the scale and at the speed we're seeing at the moment has been justified in terms of the direct productivity gains it offered to big businesses, large organisations and government departments.
As mentioned above, most available studies on gender or ethnic biases in segregation suffer from the absence of direct productivity measures (Hellerstein and Neumark 2006; Bartolucci 2014).
To provide further evidence in favor of the validity of their identification strategy, Falck et al. (2016) show that potential direct productivity effects of broadband (e.g., the introduction of online job search channels increasing the quality of job matching) do not affect their results.
This amount includes only the direct productivity costs of absenteeism (that the employee is paid while not at work); it does not account for any secondary effects on training, morale, or other network effects.
The Lancet reports that undernutrition reduces a nation's economic advancement by at least eight per cent because of direct productivity losses, losses via poorer cognition and losses via reduced schooling, while other experts have shown that a US$1 investment in reducing chronic malnutrition can deliver a US$30 return through improved health and education benefits.
--- Multi-sectoral Approaches to Nutrition: Nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions to accelerate progress (pdf) Published: January 2014 When multiplied across an entire nation, it is estimated that poor nutrition can reduce a nation's economic advancement by at least 8 percent due to direct productivity losses, and losses due to reduced schooling and poorer cognition.
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Since neither lends itself well to direct measurement, productivity technicians often prefer to look the other way.
According to WHO, "a conservative estimate of the annual direct economic productivity loss due to blindness and low vision in sub-Saharan Africa is US$1830 million in 2000.
Statistics reveal that, under an industrial-adjustment process driven by tough bankruptcy procedures and a heavy inflow of foreign direct investment, productivity gains by Hungarian manufacturers by far exceeded wage increases in 1993 and 1994, and thereafter.
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Even though the indirect costs of migraine dwarf the direct costs, productivity gains and time costs were not taken into consideration because no internationally agreed approach is yet available to measure these satisfactorily [5].
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