Douglas Holtz-Eakin, who had previously been the head of Bush's Council of Economic Advisors, was now the head of the Congressional Budget Office, and on 20 November 2003, right before the crucial House vote, he wrote to Congress, "CBO estimates that enacting the legislation would result in direct spending outlays totaling $395 billion".
Barnesandnoble.com's direct outlay is probably much less, though.
The Government's financial market interventions since the start of the financial crisis -including guarantees, loans and direct outlays-have totaled $8 trillion, or 55% of GDP.
OOP payments are defined by the World Bank as "any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent" is to enhance or restore health status [ 39].
Noting that the C.I.A. estimated it spent only $70 million in direct cash outlays in Afghanistan (including field hospital costs), Mr. Woodward writes that "the president considered it one of the biggest 'bargains' of all time".
Groupon argues that adding customers through marketing is a one-time process, stock compensation does not result in direct cash outlays, and taxes and interest payments are not relevant because Groupon does not have debt and is still technically "losing money".
The costs of the agricultural price and income policies of industrial countries are substantial; they include not only direct governmental outlays but also the increased costs to consumers in those countries, as well as the losses to developing countries of potential export markets.
CFED proposes a host of reforms, including using refundable tax credits rather than tax breaks to support asset development, placing caps on mortgage interest deductibility, and using direct budget outlays for asset development rather than just tinkering with the tax code (since the people who find it advantageous to itemize their deductions tend to be among the wealthier citizens).
