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Direct mortalities of 5 65% have been recorded for larger invertebrate species in the path of a beam trawl,[11] and these equate to annual fishing mortality rates of 5 39% in heavily trawled areas.
In cities, cars usually travel at low velocity and it could be expected that disturbance effects could be more important than direct mortalities.
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Ending direct mortality, though, is only one aspect of road-caused fragmentation.
In the British Isles, direct mortality from another pesticide, dieldrin, was the most important cause of the decline.
Among the most significant impacts of road traffic is direct mortality of free-ranging animals due to vehicle collisions.
However, there are growing concerns about the impacts to wildlife, including direct mortality and indirect effects such as displacement.
Mechanisms underlying road effects on amphibians involve direct mortality, behavioral barriers to movement, and reduction in the quality of roadside habitats.
Using direct mortality of 5 65%[11] and assuming that 50% of this is consumed by scavengers, mortality of macrofauna by a trawl could potentially produce an initial pulse of 15 423 mmol (C) m-2 after the trawl passage.
The highest direct mortality rate in cardiovascular involvement was attributed to large vessel vasculitis as a result of sudden death by aneurysm rupture or thrombosis (up to 9.8%% of patients in one Turkish study) [4, 12, 30].
The review found that OHVs have impacts to multiple resources that include soil compaction and erosion, trampling of vegetation, as well as wildlife habitat loss, disturbance, and direct mortality.
Matrix quality can be improved by maintaining heterogeneous landscapes with a diversity of vegetated features, and by reducing factors causing direct mortality of dispersers such as road traffic and pesticides.
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