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Our estimates of long-term black carbon exposure were model based, rather than direct measures from monitors.
Definition of IR in our study was based on estimates from the OGTT and direct measures from the clamp technique in a subgroup of obese youths that had very similar demographic characteristics to the entire cohort.
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Direct measures constructed from innovation survey data appear to work reasonably well while measures of the Euclidean technological distance and of the geographical distance lead to counterintuitive results.
With few exceptions, generic direct measures taken from affected patients are recommended in estimating QALYs.
Our exercise is different, since we take direct measures of distortions from the data rather than inferring them, and look at their relationship with the size distribution of firms.
White coat adherence [ 7, 22] is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored in any study involving direct measures or visits from healthcare professionals.
Indirect measures differ from direct measures in that they do not rely on verbal self-reports as a way of inferring attitudes [12].
This study has demonstrated a twofold underestimation of the anti-proliferative effect of EGCG when using MTT or MTS, suggesting that these dyes give results different from direct measures of ATP or DNA or direct counting of viable cells to determine the antiproliferative effect of green tea polyphenols or other phytochemicals.
Several parameters chosen were derived from direct measures in the community or in vitro, but others required indirect evaluations.
HUs are often captured indirectly from multiattribute HRQOL surveys in which responses are converted through scoring algorithms that are derived from direct measures of HUs.
However, these variables could be viewed as intermediate indicators that are predictive of poor health but are a step removed from direct measures of disease.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com