There is a need for psychometrically tested instruments to document direct learner outcomes.
In this study, the extraneous cognitive load is minimized by avoiding temporal split attention with regard to supportive information (i.e., conceptual models or 'theory') and the germane cognitive load is optimized by using schematic representations of this information to direct learner's attention to concepts relevant for learning.
Language engagement created by different task types has been considered as a way of directing learners' attention to specific linguistic element through designing learning tasks.
Although students did not demonstrate any increase in SDLRS at the end of one year in a PBL program, they were able to describe themselves as having developed many of the documented characteristics associated with self directed learners.
More importantly, he found that IELTS preparation courses were different in focus from EAP courses, as they "directed learners away from their academic subjects and toward the topics and text types featured in the test" (Green, 2006, p. 364).
Hyperlinks can be used to augment content, directing learners to source material or additional resources [ 7].
Carrying out specific actions directs learner attention to solution-relevant features of the task, which helps students confer meaning to the actions.
For the present study, an SA instrument of language learning achievement was designed according to specific course content to take into consideration the direct experience learners have had in practicing reading, listening, speaking, and writing [Ross, S., 1998. Self-assessment in second language testing: a meta-analysis of experimental factors. Language Testing 15, 1 20.].
If not, you could direct the learners to review the course.
A hint in the target directed the learners to the source problem.
