The results showed that the CWM system by using off-site sorting and direct landfilling resulted in significant environmental impacts.
The disadvantages of this treatment can be clearly seen: direct landfilling of MSW has been known to create lasting detrimental impacts to the environment (emissions to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, risk in landfill stability, and scarcity of land).
In Korea, the direct landfilling of raw food wastes was banned in 2005 in order to mitigate the shortage of landfill site, to protect groundwater and soil contamination, and to promote recycling of food wastes as an available resource[14, 15].
For example, about 18 30 kg CO2 eq. greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission were induced for managing 1 t of construction waste through off-site sorting and direct landfilling, whereas significant GHGs emission could be potentially avoided (considered as a credit −126 to −182 kg CO2 eq).
The report notes that Britain's waste legislation still assumes it will be sent direct to landfill, even though less than a quarter of manufacturing waste is disposed this way".
Entire crates of pre-cut orange wedges were directed to landfill.
In most regions, as aluminium dross is not classified as a hazardous waste material, it is commonly directed to landfill without any pre-treatment.
Samples of aluminium dross were obtained from two sources: aluminium dross obtained from an aluminium recycling facility, recycled dross (RD) in Qatar and aluminous dross samples which were to be directed to landfill, landfill dross (LD), also in Qatar.
The LD sample may have required the largest amount of material to provide the necessary moles of aluminium needed for the reaction, but it was also a very cheap source as it was being directed to landfill.
About 56% of Italian MSW was directed to landfills; recycling and composting accounted for 16% and 8% of MSW.
