The rationale was that "the visible streetscape of neighbourhoods provides direct indicators of change": in other words, examining visual evidence allows us to better judge precisely what kind of urban change is occurring in each area.
In a separate project, Dr Stankovic is developing sound libraries that can be used to identify and classify certain types of sounds, from direct indicators of depression in the human voice to coughs, wheezes and lung function.
Most direct indicators of sex reproductive organs, for example—don't fossilize.
Unlike many Quaternary sediments, eolian deposits are direct indicators of atmospheric circulation.
The state space model provides an efficient approach to estimating direct indicators by using indirect indicators.
However, existing state space models to estimate direct indicators largely depend on assumptions such as, discrete time, discrete state, linearity, and Gaussianity.
While direct indicators enable more precise references to asset health condition, they are often more difficult to obtain than indirect indicators.
One of the direct indicators that we used in our model was performance score of CHWs in which they had been assessed on a composite score based on four core activities described elsewhere [10].
