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This study developed an artificial feeding (AF) method to replace direct host feeding (DHF) for the maintenance of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus mosquito colonies.
Architecture of agent application is peer to peer, that makes it able to initiate direct host to host communication at any time and also make it open for an incoming connection form any other agent.
Bacterial proteases facilitate pathogen infection by direct host tissue damage, by modulation of host cell signaling and by processing of other bacterial virulence factors [38].
Type III secretion is highly regulated in P. aeruginosa, and can be induced in vitro by low extracellular calcium levels or direct host cell contact [8], [9].
Increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α have been demonstrated as markers of direct host immune responses to chlamydial infections in phagocytes [13], [14], which may result in intracellular killing of the bacteria.
These results provide further support for the rationale to use "direct" host T cell therapy for prolongation of allograft viability as an alternative to "indirect" therapy mediated by donor T cell infusion.
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However in acute infection, the innate and acquired immune mechanisms will be turned on by direct host-pathogen interactions in order to limit infection to the lungs.
Further studies will focus on areas ranging from phage-encoded factors that direct host-gene expression, to how those host genes elicit phenotypic changes, and ultimately to how lysogens interact with environments such as the earthworm gut.
The conventional theory proposes that evolution of virulence is highly dependent on the efficiency of direct host-to-host transmission.
Parasites that are not transmitted through direct host-to-host contact may benefit from spatial overlap in host home ranges.
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