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Direct experimentation with chemical warfare agents (CWA) to study important problems such as their permeation across protective barrier materials, decontamination of equipment and facilities, or the environmental transport and fate of CWAs is not feasible because of the obvious toxicity of the CWAs and associated restrictions on their laboratory use.
While the frequency of these latently-infected cells is approximately 16 per million PBLs [15], thus precluding direct experimentation with this important pool of cells, their persistence despite effective antiretroviral therapy highlights the need for additional strategies of therapy.
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Simulations were conducted and compared with direct experimentation.
To address these predicted potential overlaps in a comprehensive manner with direct experimentation, we have utilized two model mammalian cell lines to investigate the relationship between preRC assembly dynamics, Rb hypo- and hyperphosphorylation, and the window of time during which cells become insensitive to the suppression of new mRNA synthesis.
However, it should be noted that these GO annotations were ascertained by sequence homology rather than direct experimentation so should be taken with caution.
Furthermore, by linking genetic findings to direct neurobiological markers of brain function using cognitive neuroscience and direct experimentation on model systems, the effects of genetic variation associated with ADHD on brain function can be better understood.
In order to address these types of inquiry, direct experimentation is needed, and MOA hypotheses should be empirically challenged using experimental studies, in accordance with the scientific method.
Direct experimentation on the individual patient is also possible in very limited circumstances.
(1) Direct experimentation is needed to assess habitat function for motile species such as fish.
However, direct experimentation using longitudinally collected serum would be necessary to address this possibility.
The phenomena we consider are dynamically complex, and in the absence of direct experimentation, strongly call for a modelling approach.
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