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No direct consent was taken from the patients as this is a retrospective study.
Such a standard would take us back to the older social contract tradition based on direct consent.
The one bright spot is that some of the impacted users may have noticed their account had become public because they would have received alerts — like notifications that people were following them without their direct consent.
A checkpoint ensures that no one enters or leaves the territory without their direct consent.
This was a medical records study; therefore, direct consent from the patients was not required.
In principle, individual patients who met the inclusion criteria were not given direct explanations of the study and no direct consent was sought.
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Direct written consent from individual patients or legally acceptable representatives was obtained, as well as deferred written informed consent according to country-specific legal requirements.
And the effort to curb teenage pregnancy by distributing morning-after pills in some public schools, and letting parents opt out, has been criticized by those who think the city should require direct parental consent.
However, in practice, direct informed consent prior to tumor screening is rare.
Direct parental consent was not requested because this was an anonymous opinion survey, with no committed answers.
In such cases, the Spanish educational and health authorities, as well as the Ethics and Clinic Investigation Committee, do not require direct parental consent.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com