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Third, DHS-style direct birth histories may be subject to recall bias and/or the underreporting of child mortality by mothers, which could result in more than a 7% underestimation of deaths.[23], [34] The non-inclusion of other data sets meant that the current study may also have been subject to this potential problem.
Accordingly, these bulls have EPD and accuracies for production traits: calving ease (direct); birth weight; weaning weight; yearling weight; yearling height; scrotal circumference; maternal traits: maternal calving ease; milk; mature weight; mature height; carcass traits: carcass weight; marbling; rib eye area; fat depth; along with some newly released trait EPD: docility; and heifer pregnancy.
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Direct preterm birth complications are the leading cause of newborn deaths and the second leading cause of all under-five mortality.
Many physicians feel that it is easier to control and direct the birth process when done surgically, and they may try to schedule a C-section just before or on your due date.
Figure 1b also assumes that the stressor has direct effects on birth weight and mortality and birth weight has direct effects on infant mortality.
Finally, Figure 1c assumes that the stressor has direct effects on birth weight and mortality, but birth weight does not have direct effects on mortality.
The three plausible directed acyclic graphs are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1a assumes that the stressor has direct effects on birth weight and mortality and birth weight has direct effects on infant mortality.
The subpopulation specific disparities (rate effects) are further decomposed into direct (independent of birth weight) and indirect (potentially causal through birth weight) effects by factoring the subpopulation relative risks into direct and indirect multiplicative components.
LCI = lower 95% confidence interval; UCI = upper 95% confidence interval A further decomposition of the subpopulation specific racial disparities into direct (independent of birth weight) and indirect (potentially causal through birth weight) effects based on relative risks is summarised in Table 5.
The latter may be potentially due to a direct effect of birth weight on infant mortality, or uncontrolled confounding between birth weight and infant mortality, or an interaction of race and birth weight on infant mortality.
Across Europe, non-consensual adoption is rare, with many babies remaining in foster care and maintaining direct contact with birth parents throughout childhood.
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