To protect against infanticide from other adults, female rodents may employ avoidance or direct aggression against potential perpetrators, multiple mating, territoriality or early termination of pregnancy.
As in the previous study we used intact animals, rather than headless targets, to provide the sensory and feedback cues likely to be important in decision-making [31], [32] and separate studies from our laboratory demonstrate that males do not direct aggression against headless control males (Fernandez and Kravitz, unpublished).
Opportunistic changeover : the new male partner obtained access to a female after one or more adult males directed aggression against the previous male partner (i.e. solo aggression or coalition), but without the new male partner to be involved in the conflict himself.
In the tradition of what ethicists call "just war theory," legitimate wars begin for just reasons (primarily defense against direct aggression), are necessary and proportionate (military action taken is in proportion to the aggression suffered), and have a reasonable expectation of success.
Therefore, following Ebensperger (1998), we review the common mammalian counterstrategies against infanticide as they apply to orangutans: coalition formation for group defense, direct aggression by the mother against intruders, avoidance of infanticidal conspecifics, female promiscuity, and territoriality.
Conclusion for presence or absence of counterstrategy indicated as positive, negative, or unknown for Sumatran and Bornean orangutans Although primate mothers in other species are aggressive toward stranger males (e.g., Lemur catta, Pereira and Weiss 1991), there are no reports of direct aggression by orangutan mothers against stranger males.
EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton accused Russia of "direct aggression" in eastern Ukraine.
Thus, direct aggression was not observable.
In this schema, relational aggression would fall under PIP while direct aggression corresponds to RADI.
And they were not necessary to prevent a third world war or a major conflict in Europe: each leak from the archives suggests that the Soviet Union never seriously considered direct military aggression against the US or Europe.
The Soviet Union had just engaged in a direct military aggression against a weaker neighbor: Soviet tanks and paratroopers had invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, and the Soviet military was engaged in bloody massacres of the Afghans on a scale even larger than currently in Chechnya.
