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A recent review has suggested that the effects of anxiolytic compounds on head-dipping behaviour are generally confounded by changes in overall locomotion, despite the claims that head-dipping is unrelated to locomotor activity (Kliethermes and Crabbe, 2006a).
The aim of this study was to investigate whether head-dipping behaviour should be considered a valid measure of neophilia by comparing performance of rats on the hole-board task (a) over repeated sessions and (b) when objects are placed underneath the holes.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether head-dipping behaviour should be considered a valid measure of neophilia by comparing performance on the hole-board task (a) over repeated sessions (trials 1 10) and (b) when no objects were present (trials 1 5) and when objects were placed underneath the holes (trials 6 10).
This study reported that the effects of the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide on head-dipping behaviour in rats varied with the light intensity during testing, such that treatment decreased head-dipping in very bright light and increased head-dipping under normal light.
If this interpretation of head-dipping is correct, we would also predict that, as head-dipping behaviour declines, fearfulness would also decline.
If head-dipping behaviour is a measure of neophilia, the frequency of head-dipping is therefore predicted to decrease over repeated sessions.
In a pioneering study on chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) ant-dipping behaviour, for example, it was found that ecology explained much of the observed between-population differences [ 28] that had previously been attributed to cultural variation (e.g., [ 13]).
If this interpretation is correct, we would also predict that head-dipping would be greater in the presence of objects; however, there was no evidence of an increase in head-dipping behaviour when objects were present underneath the holes.
If we assume that the fear experienced on exposure to a novel apparatus can be equated to normal or 'state' anxiety (Belzung and Griebel, 2001), these results contradict the assumption that head-dipping behaviour is suppressed by an anxiety-like response, in which case we might have expected head-dipping to vary in the opposite direction to anxiety-like behaviour.
Qualitative research in the same area included reports of potentially harmful newborn behaviours such as dipping newborn babies in cold water to make them cry, putting substances on the cord to help it dry, and giving the baby other food before initiating breastfeeding as the colostrums was perceived as dirty or there was insufficient milk [16].
After his last behaviour trial had ended, we anaesthetised each male by dipping him in an ice slurry for a few seconds, and then laying him on white waterproof paper on his right side.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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