These include constrained spatial distribution (within small stream channels) and dispersal (essentially one-dimensional dispersal along a stream network [7]), permitting high capture and recapture efficiencies.
Increasing or decreasing the variance associated with the two-dimensional dispersal function resulted in greater or lesser amounts of gene flow, respectively.
Three well known, one-dimensional functional forms of dispersal were tested for their fit to the mahogany seed density vs. distance data (Table 1): (1) the negative exponential model (NE); (2) the inverse power model (IP); and (3) the Student-t model (2Dt).
This multivariate analysis takes the data points, which correspond to all the pairwise impossibility relationships, and transforms them onto a n-dimensional plan, where the dispersal between species is maximised.
In population genetics, modeling more complex evolutionary parameters such as life cycles and reproductive mechanisms, multi-dimensional fitness landscapes or dispersal may often lead to the necessity of extending the traditional models from allele frequencies [ 3] to genotypes.
A virtual release and observed (real-time) environmental conditions were used in a high-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to estimate the dispersal of virtual particles (VPs).
Connectivity is determined by the larval dispersal kernel (the two-dimensional distribution of larval settlement originating from a single-source population) (definitions of connectivity and dispersal from Leis et al. 2013).
A fully four-dimensional (3D × time) object-oriented biophysical dispersal model was developed to simulate the movement of marine larvae over semi-continuous surfaces.
During sexual development, filamentous ascomycetes form complex, three-dimensional fruiting bodies for the protection and dispersal of sexual spores.
During sexual development, filamentous ascomycetes form complex, three-dimensional fruiting bodies for the generation and dispersal of spores.
In addition, many filamentous fungi are capable of developing complex, three-dimensional structures for the generation, protection, and dispersal of spores.
