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Without appropriately unbiased initial guess of the baseline parameters, it is not easy to stably obtain the converging solution of the five location-dependent parameters in (5) due to the search in very high dimensional coefficient space.
For the calculation, we adopt a linear search using the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method for 5(N + n) dimensional coefficient vectors, where N + n is the same number as given in Section 5.3.
For the maximization, we adopt a linear search procedure in conjunction with the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method for 2(N + n) dimensional coefficient vectors by using a suitable approximate Hessian matrix (see Appendix), where N is the number of earthquakes and n is the number of the additional points on the rectangular boundary including the corners (see Fig. 2(b)).
The p dimensional coefficient vector β = (β1,…, β p ) t can be estimated by minimizing the penalized negative log-likelihood: (2) 1 n ∑ i = 1 n − y i x i t β + log 1 + exp x i t β + ∑ j = 1 p J λ β j, where J λ is a penalty function and λ is a vector of tuning parameter that can be determined by a search on an appropriate grid.
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Let ad and na denote the NSV-dimensional coefficient vectors of ad and na, respectively.
To simplify the problem, lift is typically measured as a non-dimensional coefficient.
To compare geometries, the non-dimensional coefficient of power was used as a fitness function.
Based on the rough estimation of Nishizawa et al. (2015), the non-dimensional coefficient should be smaller than O (10−3)–O (100) for n = 4.
Table 3 List of non-dimensional coefficient for sensitivity experiment Non-dimensional coefficient γ = 10−3 γ = 10−5 γ = 10−7 The strength of the numerical filter 1.25 × 105 1.25 × 103 1.25 × 101 The value of the numerical filter (m4 s−1) for each experiment.
The cubic hard spring and cubic soft spring are characterized by the non-dimensional coefficient σ2s0ε where σs0 is the r.m.s.
If the attribute vectors are projected into the subspace spanned by P significant principal components, then we can represent the attribute of web user i in terms of the following P-dimensional coefficient vector: (5).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com