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The bacterial suspensions were diluted in tenfold serial steps up to the 10−6 dilution stage.
We have modified the original CIJ design to allow hand operation, eliminating the need for a syringe pump, and we added a second antisolvent dilution stage.
Therefore, it is possible for the improved tester to determine total stickies in all cases, including cases that it is not convenient to apply a filtration and/or a dilution stage.
However, the absolute dilution factor will then be greater than 100 000, as less than 1 in 10 of the molecules will be present in the fraction progressing to the next dilution stage.
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Driven by different mixing forces, exhaust dilution near roadways usually experiences two distinct dilution stages after being emitted—'tailpipe-to-road' and 'road-to-ambient'.
Here 'a small amount of gas transfer technique' was developed to prepare SGMs, in which the number of dilution stages could be much less than typical process.
The design of this device prevents the rotor system from being clogged and blocked by pulps, hence, being able to quantify deposits without having to apply any filtration and/or dilution stages.
The (1) tailpipe to road and (2) road to ambient air dilution stages results in an overall dilution of 1 10,000 within a 10 min timeframe (Zhang and Wexler, 2004).
Since dilution tunnels can only achieve a fraction of the sample dilution that is observed in the ambient environment, reliance on these data as a basis for identifying potential biomarkers needs to be tempered by the fact that diesel exhaust undergoes two separate dilution stages under real-world conditions.
The isothermal oxidation curve at 900 °C of the coating with higher dilution showed two stages: at an early stage, the weight increase over time is almost linear whereas, in a second stage, a parabolic law could be fitted to the experimental data.
In order to verify the reliability of the technique a Freon 12 SGMs of 1 μmol/mol and 0.1 μmol/mol were prepared by conventional method through four-stage and five-stage dilution respectively.
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