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As the semiconductor industry has approached fundamental physical limits in shrinking the size of the devices that represent digital 1's and 0's as on and off states, it has touched off an international race to find alternatives.
If, for instance, the light is flickering at 40 kilohertz, or 40,000 times per second, which is standard for modern fluorescent fixtures using electronic ballasts, the modified ballast might alter the frequency slightly to create a digital 1, and then alter it slightly differently to create a digital 0, thus producing a binary datastream.
Also in January, scientists at I.B.M.'s Almaden Research Center used similar techniques to store and retrieve digital 1's and 0's from an array of just 12 atoms in an advance that demonstrated the fundamental limits of the magnetic storage of digital information.
A Kindle, for example, uses flash memory, composed of special transistors, one per stored bit, which use trapped electrons to distinguish between a digital 1 and a 0. "Although the total number of electrons in the memory does not change as the stored data changes," Dr. Kubiatowicz said, the trapped ones have a higher energy than the untrapped ones.
Until now, the most advanced magnetic storage systems have needed about one million atoms to store a digital 1 or 0. The new achievement is the product of a heated international race between elite physics laboratories to explore the properties of magnetic materials at a far smaller scale.
Micro Secure Digital – 1 GB, 2 GB.
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