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The α-NiPtAl phase with L10 crystal structure formed very rapidly, implying fast uphill Al diffusion toward the surface.
This depletion creates a concentration gradient that drives O2 diffusion toward the interface such that the current is eventually limited by the rate at which O2 diffuses.
Similarly, oxygen diffusion toward anode on the surface of a nanorod that leads to filament formation is also reported in ZnO-nanorod-based VCM type devices [69].
These changes were presumably due to the onset of phase separation of the Zn0.7Mg0.3O barrier layers with pronounced Mg diffusion toward the ZnO wells.
Our modeling results reveal that lithium diffusion toward the crack tip is both energetically and kinetically favored owing to the crack-tip stress gradient.
However, the physical loss of the stabilizers occurs by diffusion toward the polymer surface by evaporation, volatilization, poor solubility, leachability and migration into the material in contact with the polymer [15, 16].
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The composite IrOx/Pt/IrOx electrode demonstrated a bi-functional catalytic activity toward both OER and ORR, as well as improved gas diffusion properties toward ORR compared to the single Pt layer with the same catalytic loading.
To explain these observations we find that the enhancement of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient toward the heliospheric poles must be reduced with increasing solar activity.
The PAI/β-CD membrane has a comparable selectivity and flux, and exhibits preferential sorption and diffusion selectivity toward n-BuOH.
This possibility was again verified through calculated results, suggesting further departure from diffusion limit toward distillation limit behavior for gasification at high pressures.
A steep drop in tracer fraction at the surface followed by a flat diffusion tail toward the interface was observed, features that could not be adjusted simultaneously.
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