The direct diffusion (DD) [14] routing protocol is one of the most popular among them.
In this study, a recursive formulation was encoded into the conventional kinematic- and diffusion-wave routing algorithms to permit a larger time increment, despite the Courant–Friedrich Lewy condition having been violated.
Given the low sequence and structural complexity of the FG repeats, such non-specific interactions are to be expected but are not strong enough for these non-specific macromolecules to overcome the FG Nups' diffusion barrier (Rout et al., 2003).
Many energy efficient routing protocols such as Directed Diffusion [14], Two-Tier Data Dissemination [15], GRAdient [16], Rumor routing [19], and SPIN [20], which aim for high energy efficiency, have been proposed in the last few years for terrestrial wireless networks.
Another use for this parameter is for rate control in routing protocols such as directed diffusion [48].
In V2V VANETs, vehicles are equal and information diffusion can be achieved by adopting MANET routing protocols.
One of the first researches mentioning the concept of gradient for routing protocols in WSNs conducted diffusion technique [18] leading to energy savings by storing and processing data in a network.
NQAR uses a data centric on-demand method based on a directed diffusion to estimate the minimum cost end-to-end routing path.
Many energy efficient routing protocols for the terrestrial sensor networks, such as Directed Diffusion [14], Two-Tier-Data Dissemination (TTDD) [15], and GRAB [16], can not be applied in UWSN since they are mainly designed for stationary networks.
Data centric routing mechanisms such as directed diffusion [8] conduct routing is similar to AODV in ad hoc network, routing request and reply are necessary during the period of path establishment.
