The aim of this contribution is to analyze the challenges for technology diffusion policies to achieve expected socio-economic goals and to deduce conclusions for an adequate policy design.
This research builds on technology diffusion and policy impact assessment literature and provides valuable insights on the design of effective policy tools to promote clean energy innovations.
First, Kingdon's concept of a convergence of three 'streams' (problem recognition, development and diffusion of policy alternatives, and political context) to achieve a ' window of opportunity' for a change in policy.
However, there has been a considerable time lag in knowledge diffusion and policy adoption.
While these events produced no obvious diffusion effect, policy makers have identified the Middle East as the site of the next proliferation epidemic.
Ultimately, the lack of clinical and scientific knowledge on the risks and potential harm reduction benefits has led to precautionary policymaking, which often lacks grounding in empirical evidence and results in spatially uneven diffusion of policy.
In sum, road safety performance at sub-national level was not solely dominated by economic growth levels but a result of development in multiple processes, including motorization, knowledge diffusion and policy changes, and health-care capacity.
The conceptual differences of these two measures were also reflected in our results, which showed that CFR captured more variability among regions even in low-income settings and was a more sensitive indicator of the secular changes of knowledge diffusion and policy changes, while RTFs were more sensitive to exposure to crashes and motorization.
For future studies, we recommend collecting more relevant data on potential determinants (e.g., knowledge diffusion and policy enforcement) to understand why Russia successfully decreased RTFs and CFR in a period with rapid motorization, which challenges most middle-income countries in the world.
