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Since it was shown that the sustained release of GM-CSF from hydrogels successfully attracts BMDCs and BMDMs, we next proposed that the diffusion of this factor through the surrounding tissue could effectively recruit host DCs and macrophages.
If the benefit of this factor is not restricted to the producers, we can consider it a public good that can be exploited by all other individuals (or cells) within the diffusion range of the factor, including nonproducers.
All cells (+/+ and −/−) benefit from the public good produced by all the cells in their group (of size n; this depends on the diffusion range of the factor – see below).
The cost/benefit ratio could be changed by varying the amount of exogenous growth factor; group size could be changed by varying the diffusion range of the factor; the critical amount of non-producer cells can be achieved by autologous cell therapy, using cancer cells collected from the patient, in which genes coding for growth factors have been knocked out.
administration allows the diffusion of the growth factor throughout the entire spinal cord, although this administration way must probably create a concentration gradient (Storkebaum et al., 2005).
These latter might be interesting as demonstrated by a class of spatial models, which explore the consequences of linking the model of spatial growth of precancerous cells with diffusion of the growth factors [ 50].
The functionality of this site multiplicity, i.e., 'the shadow appearances of the binding sites', in the regulatory regions could constitute a mechanism for lateral diffusion of the transcription factors along the sequences, and/or the shadow sites might be the fossils from the process of binding site turnover [ 16, 50].
Although flow is strictly laminar at low Reynolds number, it is important to consider the effect of the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the tissue on flow patterns and the diffusion of chemical factors across the laminar flow interface.
We simulate cellular mechanisms including cell adhesion, growth, and division and diffusion of morphogens, to show that differential adhesion between the cells, diffusion of growth factors through the extracellular matrix, and the elastic properties of the apical ectodermal ridge together can produce the proper shape of the limb bud.
The as-made pore-filled and void-free perovskite film avoids intrinsic moisture and air and can effectively protect the diffusion of degradation factors into the perovskite film, which is advantageous for the long-term stability of PSCs.
This pore size would allow the diffusion of soluble factors between the two cell populations, but would prevent the transfer of any cells or organelles.
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