Ultimately, the lack of clinical and scientific knowledge on the risks and potential harm reduction benefits has led to precautionary policymaking, which often lacks grounding in empirical evidence and results in spatially uneven diffusion of policy.
First, Kingdon's concept of a convergence of three 'streams' (problem recognition, development and diffusion of policy alternatives, and political context) to achieve a ' window of opportunity' for a change in policy.
The early wave of research on living wages used data covering only the initial years of the diffusion of the policy through U.S. cities, typically ending in 2002 or even earlier (see, e.g., Adams and Neumark (2004a, 2005a)).
Through an assessment of the geographical and temporal variation in domestic energy-efficiency assessments provided under the United Kingdom's Green Deal, the factors underpinning the spatial diffusion of this policy are identified.
In the Italian case, vertical linkages facilitated diffusion of organizational policies to the workplace (Waddington, 2000) and policy implementation was aided by balanced relations between central and decentralized levels and effective communication between them (Hyman, 1997; Kjellberg, 2000).
This paper examines three economic policy innovations (privatization, central bank independence, and pension reform) and shows how the diffusion of these policies depended not only upon the mobility of American-trained Ph.D. economists to adopting countries, but also the state of agreement among economists on the value of these policy innovations.
The implications of this analysis are to treat the creation and diffusion of economic policies as innovations that are subject to trial and error revision as well as to the changing consensus within an academic community.
Although the current CoS emphasizes such abilities, as we saw in Study 1, the diffusion of an innovative policy is slow when its content is complex.
He is committed to the diffusion of research to policy and society.
It is difficult to separate impacts on SDH of domestic policies that were adopted in specific response to lender conditionalities from those adopted in response to the broader diffusion of market-oriented policy ideas.
Guided by the framework proposed by Steckler and Linnan [ 52], the process evaluation explored diffusion of the national policy across local contexts, fidelity and dose of implementation, patient experiences, programme reach and recruitment.
